Ditiyo order ta i keno kothin

Tin porber prothom porbo. Bangladesh e ekta garment banano r pothe badha holo capital, ar er beshi kichu na. Kintu bishwash arjon korar pothe je badha, seta kono ekta factory alada bhabe kine nite pare na. Ei lekha 56 bochor purono ekta economics er kaj niye, ja ei farak ta bujhiye dey — ar ekoi mechanism ekta European wine industry, ekta Chinese dairy industry ar ekta German car industry er shathe ki koreche, ta niye.

Ei trade e duita obhijog shobshomoy chole, ar ami ekbar o kauke egulo pashapashi rakhte shunini.

Prothom ta holo, Bangladesh e ekta garment banano shohoj. Shohoj mane shorol na — shohoj mane, badha ta capital, ar er beshi kichu proay nei. Floor bhara nin, machine kinun, jara kaj ta age thekei jane tader niye nin. Er khoroch koto, sei number ta ami apnake dite chai, ar bolte hochche ami ta khuje pai ni: kono development bank, kono institute, ami pouchate perechi emon kono paper — keu i Bangladesh e ekta choto unit shuru korar kono rokkhonijo number dey na, tai ami nijer theke ekta baniye debo na. Er bodole entry-r proman ta nin, jeta mapa ache. 2005 theke 2011 er moddhe, proay 6,500 garment exporter er ekta sthir population er biporite, protibochor proay 1,700 ta firm export shuru koreche ar proay 1,700 ta bondho koreche. Purush der woven suit e, kono ek bochore je exporter ra chilen tader proay ordhek ek bochorer moddhe hariye gechen, ar tin bochor por chilen matro ek-chaturthangsho theke ek-tritiyangsho. Eta emon kono industry na jar charpashe deyal ache. Eta ekta ghurte thaka dorja.

Ditiyo obhijog ta holo, ekjon buyer ke abar phiriye ana proay oshombhob. Shobai eta bole. Keu eta bojhay na.

Ekhane maap ta bhalo, ar seta Bangladesh er nijer. 2005 theke 2012 porjonto Bangladesh er customs record — ek lakh order — theke kaj kore Warwick er ekjon gobeshok boro bideshi buyer ar Bangladeshi manufacturer der moddhe 1,362 ta notun shomporko onushoron korechen. Ekta shomporko prothom bochor tike jaowar shombhabona chilo 0.57. Tar por: 0.37, 0.32, 0.27, 0.21. Pach ta notun buyer shomporker duita ek bochor o tekeni, ar proay pach ta r ekta pancham bochore beche chilo. Er cheye notun kono Bangladesh-nirdishto shomotulyo tottho ami khuje pai ni, ar 2012 saler ekta number ke ami 2026 saler bole chaliye debo na — kintu je shob cheye notun global number ta ache, tate o dik ta ekoi: 2019 sale, prithibir garment trade er proay 70 percent hoyeche emon dui pokkher moddhe jara ager bochor o poroshpor er shathe trade korechilen. Er proay 30 percent protibochor bodle jay.

Rakha howar puroshkar ta choto na. Ekoi customs data te, tender diye na kore shomporker upor bhitti kore je buyer sourcing koren, take supply korar net present value darieche oi shomporker bochorer munafar kompokkhe 30 percent, ar jara oi bhabe sourcing koren tara — mepe dekha jay — er jonno beshi dam den.

Tahole dhoka shosta, ar dhuke ja pawa jay ta ditiyo ekta jinis chara proay mullohin — ar sei ditiyo jinis ta bikri hoy na. Production holo sei ordhek ja capital diye kena jay. Bishwash pawa holo sei ordhek ja kena jay na.

Ami kothay dariye achi

Ami kothay dariye achi seta bole newa uchit, karon ami age jekhane chilam eta shekhane na.

Shat bochor ami Bangladesh e garment factory chaliyechi. Oi kaje ami uporer protita bakyer onno pashe chilam. Ami chilam sei manush jake ekjon European buyer ke bishwash e nite hoto — capacity, date ar quality niye emon shob dabi korchi ja tini nijer jaiga theke jachai korar kono upay peten na, ar amake bishwash kora hoto ba hoto na emon shob karone jar shathe prayoshoi amar kono shomporko chilo na. Tokhon ami eta ke information er shomossha bhabtam na. Ami eta ke amar shoptaho bhabtam.

Dui bochor ami er baire chilam. Ekhon ami ekoi trade e phire eschi, European prante — mane, prothom bar er moto offer gulo amar desk theke jachche na, amar desk e ashche.

Ar ami tader alada kore chinte pari na.

Ei jaigata ami thik kore bolte chai, karon eta i mul kotha ar eta shune opoman mone hote pare. Ami bolchi na je ami je offer gulo pai shegulo mittha. Ami bolchi je ami jani na, ar oi offer er bhitor emon kichu nei ja diye ami jante pari. Beshirbhag ta i shomvoboto tara ja dabi koren tar kachakachi. Kichu shomvoboto tader dabir cheye bhalo — tara nijeder ke kom kore dekhachchen. Kichu shomvoboto tader dabir moto ekdom i na. Ei tin ta ke alada korar moto kono instrument amar nei, ar jini pathachchen tar o emon kono instrument nei ja diye tini proman korte paren tini konta.

Ei ekta jinis ami dekhate pari, ja ekta desk e boshe ei jukti dichchen emon keu parben na. Ami oi floor gulo chaliyechi. Ami vocabulary ta jani, ami jani kon number kon dike round kora hoy ar keno, ami jani ekta sample apnake ki bole ar ki bole na. Ami i jodi bujhte na pari, tahole Copenhagen er je buyer kono din Dhaka e ashenni, tar kono i shombhabona nei — ar tini seta janen, ei jonyoi tini uttor den na.

Eta karo shottota niye obhijog na. Eta ekta maap — asole koto kom information ek prant theke onno prante pouchay.

Eta amar protibeshi der shathe hoyechilo

Ami likhchi Slovenia theke. Amader uttor er protibeshi Austria, ar 1985 sale jana jay je Austrian wine e diethylene glycol meshano hoyechilo, jate patla jinis ta late harvest er moto shad dey. Hater gonti kichu manush eta korechilen. Austria r nijer wine shongstha ekhono ghotona ta ek line e likhe rakhe — ei bhejal theke tairi hoy "ja 'wine scandal' name porichito" — ar likhe je export proay shunne neme eshechilo.

Tai hoyechilo, ar number gulo dhire dhire pora dorkar. 1984 sale Austria 48 million litre wine export korechilo. 1986 sale export korechilo 4. 4 percent kom na. 48 million er biporite 4 million litre. Ar seta okhanei theke jay: 1987 sale 5 million, 1988 sale 4, 1989 sale 5. Austrian wine export tader 1984 saler mattra abar par kore 2001 sale. 17 bochor.

Austria te proay 10,000 wine producer achen. 1985 sale tader kartha shobai kichu i koren ni. Tobu o tara export market hariyechen, karon Hamburg er je buyer hate ekta Austrian bottle dhore chilen, tar kono upay chilo na bojhar je tini konta dhore achen — ar ei onishchoyotar shob cheye shosta uttor chilo onno kichu kena.

Nirdosh der upor ekta number cheyile, shob cheye porishkar maap ta China theke ashe. 2008 sale Chinese dudhe melamine paowa jaowar por tinjon economist firm-product mattrar customs data diye porinoti gulo onushoron korechilen. Dushito firm gulo industry trend er tulonay tader export revenue er 84 percent hariyechilo — er moddhe obak howar kichu nei. Je fol ta guruttopurno seta onnota: jara kichu i koren ni, sei firm gulo doshi firm der khotir 64 percent bhog korechilo. Ei bishoye kono shot alochonay aro duita fol thaka uchit. Sorkari inspector ra jesob firm porikkha kore nirdosh ghoshona korechilen, tara ekdom inspect na hoowa firm der cheye bhalo koreni. Ar notun firm gulo purono der cheye beshi aghat peyeche.

Eta gorib desh ba khaddyo tei shimaboddho na. 2015 sale Volkswagen er emissions software er kotha prokash paowar por onno German car nirmatara — jara kichu i koren ni — hishab onujayi bochorer bikrir 34.6 percent ar buyer ra proti gari te ja dite raji chilen tar proay 2,000 dollar hariyechen.

Keu bhabe na je Austrian ra oshot. Keu bhabe na je German engineering ekta protarona. Ei tai mul kotha, ar ei jonyoi ei ghotona gulo age eseche. Protita khetre ja hoyechilo ta kono jatir choritro niye ray chilo na. Emon je kono market e eta i hoy jekhane dabi gulo ar jachai kora jay na.

Mechanism tar ekta nam ache

1970 sale George Akerlof name ekjon economist Quarterly Journal of Economics-e 13 prishthar ekta lekha prokash koren, shironam "The Market for 'Lemons': Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism". 2001 sale ei kaj tar jonno tini Nobel Memorial Prize er ongsho pan — committee r bhashay, "asymmetric information ache emon market er bishleshon er jonno."

Jukti ta purono gari niye. Malik jene gechen tar gari r dam koto; buyer bujhte paren na, ar je muhurte take shiddhanto nite hobe tokhon jene o nite paren na. Tai bhalo gari ar kharap gari ke ek i dame bikri hote hoy, karon jini taka dichchen tar kache egulo ke alada korar kichu nei. Sei dam ta thake gor er kachakachi. Kintu gor dame shotti bhalo gari r malik bikri korben na — seta hobe biliye dewa — tai tini gari ta rekhe den, othoba kono din market e dhoken i na. Tate gor neme jay. Tate dam neme jay. Tate porer stor beriye jete badhyo hoy. Akerlof eta niche porjonto onushoron koren: kharap ta bar kore dey mondo-noy take, mondo-noy ta bar kore dey majhari take, jotokkhon na emon obostha hoy je kono market i ar thake na.

Tini bolen je Gresham's law "bodle giye abar phire eseche", tarpor shabdhane bolen je tulona ta "purota thik na" — Gresham's law-e dui pokkho i bhalo taka ar kharap taka alada korte paren, ar kharap taka cholte thake karon exchange rate bandha. Ekhane tara alada korte paren na. Farak ta information er, ar ei farak tai ei purota juktir mul.

Ei mechanism er duita jinis mechanism tar cheye o beshi joruri.

Prothom ta: eta cholar jonno karo oshot howa lage na. Model er ekjon seller er o mittha bolar dorkar nei. Shudhu dorkar ei je buyer farak ta bujhte paren na. Ei jonyoi ekta desh ke niye ei jukti ta kora jay sei desh er biruddhe kono obhijog na kore, ar ekmatro ei karone i ami ta korte raji.

Ditiyo ta: dam ta ke den. Akerlof shoja kore bolen — "oshot len-den shot len-den ke market theke bar kore dewar dike jay" — ar tini emon ekta hisheber kotha bolen ja ei paper uddhrito korchen emon beshirbhag manush bad diye jan. Oshottotar khoroch shudhu oi tuku na ja diye kono buyer ke thokano holo. Er moddhe boidho babsha ke ekdom baire kore dewar khoti o dhorte hobe. Shob cheye beshi haran jar bhalo gari ache sei seller, jar quality ta shotti, jar jonno take dam deya hoy na, ar jar dam thik hoy nijer ar kono din na-dekha aro ekjon er gor hishebe.

26 bochor por Jean Tirole formal bhabe dekhan keno ei shasti puro ekta group er upor bortay ar jara eta arjon korechilen tara chole jaowar por o teke thake. Jokhon ekjon byaktir record shudhu noise-er moddhe diye dekha jay, tokhon take je dam offer kora hoy tate group er record dhuke pore, ar tai tar incentive eo. Ekjon ekdom notun asha manush er khetre eta ki kore, tar bhasha ta ekdom thik: notun member ra "purbo-projonmer adi pap theke bhugte paren, sei purbo-projonmo chole jaowar onek por o."

Ar 2015 sale dujon economist ei juktir thesis ta proay ek line e likhe dilen. Emon export niye kaj korte giye jekhane "kenar age buyer ra quality dekhte paren na", tara dekhen je shotti kar bhalo quality-r ekta ongsho firm "informational friction er karone sthayi bhabe market er baire theke jay", ar tar fole "kharap quality reputation er desh gulo kom-quality, kom-dam er ponno export korar moddhe atke jete pare."

Shot apotti ta

Emon ekta study ache ja ulto fol pay, ar ta ke eriye na giye mokabela kora uchit.

Dujon economist dekhechen 2013 sale Rana Plaza dhoshe porar por French importer ra asole ki korechilen. Tader fol: durghotonar por Bangladesh theke French textile import ekhtanagatabhabe berechilo, ar jara Rana Plaza theke sourcing korechilen sei retailer der mot import e kono poton dekha jayni. Tara ja peyechen ta holo, jesob retailer ke prokashye nam kore bola hoyechilo je tara okhan theke sourcing korten, tader ekta apekkhik poton.

Tahole shasti ta porechilo chinhito brand gulor upor, kono origin er upor na — Austrian wine ar Chinese dudh er khetre ja hoyechilo tar thik ulto. Je apnake bolbe collective reputation shobshomoy kamre dhore, se bariye bolche, ar ami ta korbo na.

Kintu dekhun ei ghotona gulo ke ki alada kore. Austria te ar China te je jinis ta bhul chilo ta chilo product er bhitore, ar kono buyer ek bottle ke onno bottle theke, ek carton ke onno carton theke alada korte paren ni. Rana Plaza r por je jinis ta bhul chilo ta chilo ekta building e, ar je pokkho ke chinhito kora jeto — ar protita potrikay nam shoho kora hoyechilo — se holo brand. Shomashtigoto shasti okhane i bortay jekhane buyer ekok gulo ke alada kore chinte paren na. Jekhane karo nam kora jay, market tader nam kore ar okhane i thame.

Eta ashar kotha, jodi apni eta onushoron koren. Chinese dairy study ekoi kotha onno pash theke bole: nirdosh firm der upor spillover oi shob gontobbo te kom chilo jekhane buyer der kache asole ke jorito chilen se bishoye bhalo information chilo. Alada kore chena jaowa — ei tai variable. Ar ei jinis ta banano o jay.

Ja uttor chara theke jay

Tahole buyer gor dhore dam thik koren karon tini ar kichu i korte paren na, ar er dam den shot supplier. Eta i mechanism, ar er boyos 56 bochor.

Er por o je proshno ta theke jay — ar ei proshno tai amar kache asol, ar eta tattwik na. Ekta factory jodi alada kore chena jete chay — jodi emon hote chay jake buyer jachai korte paren, onuman korte hoy emon na — tahole tar khoroch koto, ar se ki ta bohon korte parbe?

Bangladesh nijer jothesto data prokash kore jate ei proshner thik uttor deya jay. Uttor ta ami ja bhebechilam sheta na, ar eta shottota niye ekdom i na. Sheta i Porbo II.

— A.K. · TB Textile Sourcing · Slovenia, EU
(Ekjon European, jini 7 bochor Bangladesh e knit factory chaliyechen, ar ekhon ekoi asymmetry r kena r dike achen. Uporer protita number prokashito; source lekhar bhitorei bola ache.)